The Media and Negative Body Image Essays - 2072 Words

The Media and Negative Body Image Picture the world controlled by the media. Could you imagine how ugly, scarce, and hateful it would be. What would you do if a magazine or a television show told you that your body weight had to be twenty pounds lighter to be all most perfect? Would you actually consider the fact or let ignore it? Teens, mainly girls, will be sucked into these magazines. (National Eating Disorders Info Centre 15) These could be magazines like Seventeen and Cosmo Girl. In addition with many others of course. All though, the media is a bad example at times it is not precisely the main issue for negative body image. (National Eating Disorders Association 1) All though, these constant screaming messages the media produces†¦show more content†¦Still, the vast majority are adolescents and young adults. Approximately one percent of adolescent girls develop anorexia nervosa, and dangerous conditions where they will literally starve themselves to death. (National Eating Disorders Info Centre 1) Warni ng signs of anorexia nervosa include the following: dramatic weight loss, refusal of eating certain foods, frequent comments about being or feeling fat, denial of hunger, constant excuses to avoid meal time, and withdrawal from usual friends or activities. ( National Eating Disorders Association 2) With bulimia a person will binge food and then force themselves to vomit. They also use laxatives to get the food out of their systems. Between eighty and ninety-five percent of bulimics are women. (Cauwels 3) Bulimic can grow to a point where it takes complete control of life. Bulimia is frequently associated with a typical depression. (CQ Researcher 869) In example, a typical depression can be concluded from the environments a person lives, works, or attends school at. Bulimic behavior ranges from occasional overeating at parties to consuming fifty thousand calories and vomiting twenty times a day. (Cauwels 3) Warning signs for bulimia nervosa include the following: evidence of binge eating, evidence of purging behaviors, excessive exercise, unusual swelling of the cheeks and jaw area, stained teeth, and withdrawal of friends or activities. (National Eating DisordersShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Media On Body Image1076 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s society, media is all around us and we cannot escape it. Whether you are getting in your car to head to work or sitting at home on your computer media is everywhere. From billboards, to magazines, television, music, social media, and the internet. The media is thought to have a negative impact on the body image of both men and women of all ages. The Webster dictionary defines body image as â€Å"a subjective picture of ones own physical appearance established both by self-observation and byRead MoreNegative Body Image of Women in the Media2325 Words   |  10 PagesNegative Effects on Women Based on Portrayals of Hollywood Women Today media ranges from television to newspaper articles. Many in society do not realize the negative effects that the media portrays to young women. Young women are more susceptible to these negative side effects resulting in low self-esteem, eating disorders, or depression. Media projects images of women that have been surgically or technologically edited, these projections are causing negative effects. These unrealisticRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of The Mass Media And Body Image998 Words   |  4 Pageswould be some of many negative messages that are being instilled into young minds from the media. The mass media has a great influence on an individual’s body image. The media distorts reality, promotes weight-teasing, and with the lack of diversity, it leads to body dissatisfaction, that would be a person’s negative thoughts about their body, and can inevitably lead to eating disorders. Also, media distorting reality can lead to mental illness and a low self es teem. The body image of many people doesRead MoreThe Negative Impact Of Social Media And Body Image1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthe tremendous exposure to the media has a negative impact in the consumers and their health, as well as their body image. The ideal body image that is seen by today’s society is tall, thin, muscular, and fit. It is constantly advertised in various forms of media including, such as televisions, magazines, internet, and smartphone devices, which make others feel insecure about appearance and health. The constant reinforcement of the ideal body image throughout the media negatively impacts society throughRead MoreSocial Media Has a Negative Effect on Body Image and Self Esteem1202 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media has become one of the most popular sources of communication for the upcoming generation. For young people growing up in today’s society, social media outlets such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter have provided pictures and news that have become the first thing that their eyes see in the morning and the last thing that they see before bed. These pictures have provided unrealistic standards as to what is considered beautiful in today’s society. As young people refer to these images as aRead MoreDoes Media Influence Adolescent Girls Into Having Negative Body Images2580 Words   |  11 PagesOctober 24,2010 Does the Media Cause Individuals to Develop Negative Body Images? The influence the media has upon all of society can have positive and negative effects on the public. The effect the media has on adolescent girls in regard to body image has had negative impacts, such as an obsession with body weight and what the society views as the â€Å"perfect body†. The media can be seen as partly responsible for the pressure adolescent females’ face in consideration to body issues. These pressuresRead MoreSocial Media Allows People To Share Pictures And Ideas1057 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media allows people to share pictures and ideas with others across the world. Women and girls can use social media to earn approval for their appearance and compare themselves to others. Women during this time period that are so heavily impacted by the media can link their self-worth to their looks. I used scholarly articles all relating to how social media affects body image to decide what my view point was. After research, we can conclude that social media has a negative effect on a woman’sRead MoreHow Does The Media Affect Male Body Image?874 Words   |  4 PagesExploratory Analysis: How Does The Media Effect Male Body Image? Today in modern society, we are driven by social forces. Not only do we strive for human approval and companionship, we also thrive on social media. The media plays such a pivotal role in what we buy, eat, wear, etc. that we are conditioning ourselves to fit the mold for the â€Å"perfect† or â€Å"ideal† body type. This social construct has been a pressing issue for many years regarding the female physique, but not as much has been said onRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Dissatisfaction Of Young Girls And Adolescents1214 Words   |  5 PagesThe media is an important aspect of the current society and is ever present to the public. With the creation of new technology, there are more and more ways the media can be received and displayed for people to see everywhere they go. There are so many media sights nowadays such as Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook, as well as new magazines, commercials and other media publications made every day that allow people to connect to current events and new trends. Although today’s media has the potentialRead MoreThe Halo Effect Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinitely true in the media because people put so much importance on being attractive and often value people more based on that, whether or not their other characteristics are actually positive. An article that supports the importance of this thin promoting media being harmful said that a study predicted thinness-depicting and -promoting (TDP) media would predict results of eating disorders more strongly than a general exposure to mass media. The findings showed that this TDP media in fact did correlate

Comparing the Plays, A Raisin in the Sun and Death of a...

In history there have been an uncountable amount of plays made, but there have only been two that fully captured the American dream like A Raisin in the sun and Death of a Salesman. In both plays the protagonist is trying to achieve the American dream, but it is near impossible when neither of them has the respect of their superiors or the people around them. It is amazing that two different plays can so closely parallel each other when they have a time gap of over 10 years. Both Miller and Lorraine created a theme of achieving goals, Willy Loman just wanted to earn the respect of the people around him while Walter Younger wanted to get rich quick and support his family. American politician Reubin Askew once said, â€Å"We must stop talking†¦show more content†¦But luckily they both have the support of a loving family to help them through it. Ruth Younger was one of the few things that kept Walter sane and their apartment intact, she kept up the apartment and remains emotio nally strong throughout the play, â€Å"goodbye misery! I don’t ever want to see your ugly face again†. A character from â€Å"Death of a Salesmen† that is almost identical to Ruth is Linda Loman. Linda nurtured a hurting family all those times when Willy’s misguided attempts at success miserably failed. She too held together her family with her emotional strength, without her Willy would have broken long before he did in the play. Linda was the one that kept a cool head in heavy situations, when everyone was freaking out she was the one to bring them down to earth. These two women played a huge role in keeping their family together; they knew when the tough times came they were the ones who needed to stay strong. Both plays have a character that gives the families some news they don’t want to hear. In â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† that character is Mr. Karl Lindner; he informs the Youngers that they are unwanted in a neighborhood that they jus t moved in to. He says that because of their ethnicity they will lower the value of the homes around them. Their excitement from finally buying a house of their own was quickly abolished. Howard Wagner was another prime example of someone that gives bad news, or in this case catastrophic news, he was theShow MoreRelated Comparing the American Dream in Millers Death of a Salesman and Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun3400 Words   |  14 PagesComparing the Destructive American Dream in Millers Death of a Salesman and Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun America is a land of dreamers. From the time of the Spanish conquistadors coming in search of gold and everlasting youth, there has been a mystique about the land to which Amerigo Vespucci gave his name. To the Puritans who settled its northeast, it was to be the site of their â€Å"city upon a hill† (Winthrop 2). They gave their home the name New England, to signify their hope for aRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesbusiness market B) global market C) nonprofit market D) consumer market E) exclusive market Answer: C Page Ref: 9 Objective: 2 Difficulty: Easy 19) Which of the following is true of business markets? A) Buyers are usually not skilled at comparing competitive product offerings. B) Buyers have limited purchasing power. C) Property rights, language, culture, and local laws are the most important concerns. D) Products sold in such markets are usually highly standardized. E) Business buyersRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesConflict 375 SKILL LEARNING 376 Interpersonal Conflict Management 376 Mixed Feelings About Conflict 376 Diagnosing the Type of Interpersonal Conflict 378 Conflict Focus 378 Conflict Source 380 Selecting the Appropriate Conflict Management Approach 383 Comparing Conflict Management and Negotiation Strategies 386 Selection Factors 386 Resolving Interpersonal Confrontations Using the Collaborative Approach A General Framework for Collaborative Problem Solving 391 The Four Phases of Collaborative Problem Solving

Andy Warhol free essay sample

American painter, printmaker, photographer, filmmaker, writer, publisher, commercial artist, and illustrator who first gained recognition with his imaginative advertising designs for elite clients such as Tiffany Company, retailer Henri Bendel, and I. Miller shoes. Warhol ultimately became one of the most famous figures of the 20th century, renowned as much for the persona he created as for his multiple original silk-screen images of common supermarket products, front-page news events, and celebrity icons such as Marilyn Monroe, Jacqueline Kennedy, Elvis Presley, Marlon Brando, and Elizabeth Taylor. Mitchell,2-3) However, there were many critics who did not believe that what Warhol did was art. Some were rather confused and outraged, and questioning whether or not pictures of Campbell’s soup can, Brillo boxes, comic strip characters, was art. When Andy Warhols works first showed up in galleries in the early 1960s people were irritated, because people thought of art as Picasso or Van Gough, and they had not explored the world modern art. But others found his paintings amusing and meaningful. Because Warhol glorified popular culture with realistic depictions of everyday objects, his work was called pop art. (Grolier Online)In this paper I will argue that as time progresses, people like Andy Warhol are a necessity to our society so that we can open our eyes to something we have never seen before, no matter how the media critiques it. Andy Warhol did just that, and that is why he is a major icon of pop art/culture. Andy Warhol was born Andrew Warhola, a son of Slovakian immigrants, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on August 6, 1928. He was a weak child, and inflexible fever left him with the pale, blemished skin that, along with the shaggy white wigs he wore to hide his thinning hair, contributed to his distinctive looks. If you ever look at images of Andy Warhol, it is very clear that he was very different and that he had something unique about himself. His illnesses sometime forced him to be bed-ridden, and also made him an outcast in school, and created a very strong with his mother. When in bed he used to draw, listen to the radio and collect pictures of movie stars around his bed. After showing an early sign of artistic ability, he attended the Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh to study commercial art. After graduating in 1949, he moved to New York City, where his success as a ommercial artist was immediate. In the 1950’s, he fame developed for his whimsical ink drawings of shoe advertisements. Andy Warhols first New York solo pop art exhibition was hosted at Eleanor Wards Stable Gallery November 6–24, 1962. The exhibit included the works Marilyn Diptych, 100 Soup Cans, 100 Coke Bottles and 100 Dollar Bills. His work became popular, and the more attention that he got, the more controversial his works became. (Mitchell 2-3) Art historians, even today, still dispute the significance of the Warhol legacy. For example in 1995, Warhol was issued in a poll which asked who were the most over or under rated artists of the century. Andrew ? Graham-Dixon, chief art critic for The Independent, London, irritably says that the attention Warhol receives is exaggerated far past his importance: I dont ? know why I keep hearing about Warhol shows. We dont need forty exhibitions ? explaining what he did. . . if you cant see it, youre dumb, where as Mark Stevens, another art critic, also adds that Warhol was the most over and underrated artist of the century. Graham-Dixons irritation and Stevens doubt represent ideas that ? control the criticism of Warhol. The enormous opposing array of ? criticism show that Warhols artistic statement struck a ? nerve, raised appealing issues that still shock the historians/art critics, and clearly shows what kind of an important role Warhol played in art history. (Pratt xviii) â€Å"Public fascination with Warhol revolved around two questions: Why is he doing this? And how is he getting away with it? † (Harron) Warhol’s work on the soup cans portrayed everything that was trashy and overexposed in American life. By bringing the supermarket into the art gallery, pop art rejected all main values about what was good or bad, beautiful or ugly, art or non-art. The public perceived him, in a way, as a hustler. And in a way, he was. He manipulated the media and put it into his work as a statement. This completely depicted the whole idea of modern/contemporary art. That’s all Warhol was trying to show. â€Å"Whats great about this country is that America started the tradition where? the richest consumers buy essentially the same things as the poorest. You can be watching TV and see Coca-Cola, and you know that the President drinks Coca-Cola, Liz Taylor drinks Coca-Cola, and just think, you can drink Coca-Cola, too. A Coke is a Coke and no amount of money can get you a better coke than the one the bum on the corner is drinking. All the cokes are the same and all the cokes are good. Liz Taylor knows it, the President knows it, the bum knows it, and you know it. † (Mitchell,3) This quote describes his character, attitude, and how he knew what to say so that his work was illustrated in the positive direction. In 1964, Warhol held an exhibit called â€Å" the American Supermarket,† which had everything from produce goods to canned goods, basically everything you can see at a deli. At that time his painting was going for $1,500. This exhibit was of the first mass events, which raised a question of what is art? and what is not art? The fact that people, aside from critics, took him into consideration was absolutely phenomenal. People were fascinated, not just by the fact that he had people’s attention to repeat pictures of a soup can, but because of the fact that he had the idea to create repetition into a form of art. Aside from critics, there were people who were not so simple-minded and saw what Warhol was trying to do and saw it as a form of art. People were drawn to his attitude. He would say things like, In the future everyone will be famous for 15 minutes. Business is the best art. I love Hollywood. Its plastic, but I love plastic. I want to be plastic. Were a vacuum here at the Factory. I think its great. (Mitchell, 5) â€Å"The Factory† was his art studio in New York City, where he was trying to increase productivity on factory art and silkscreen paintings. This showed that pop art was all about fun. By the end of the decade, the drug-crazed Factory scene, with its cast of misfits, bred disaster. In 1968 Valerie Solanis, a deranged writer, stepped off the elevator and shot Warhol. Warhol never entirely recovered from the life-threatening wounds, and at the Factory he no longer tolerated carefree 1960s eccentricities. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s Warhol devoted himself to â€Å"Interview†, the celebrity magazine he founded; to writing (The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: From A to B and Back Again, 1975); and to commission society portraits based on Polaroid photographs. Although there was talk of a decline in his work of this period, his prolific output was still punctuated by adventuresome experimentation as seen in his Oxidation Paintings of the late 1970s, works of strange, ethereal beauty made by urinating on copper-paint-coated canvas. (5-6) By this time he was not just a celebrity or artist, he was household name. Andy Warhol had passed away on February 22, 1987, in New York City, because of complication after surgery. (Mitchell,5-5) No matter what critics have to say, he is still remembered and looked upon, even 20 years after his death. Andy Warhol had created a world of modern art, something people have never seen before. In recent news, his painting of the Campbell’s soup was sold for $100 million. Over achievement is an understatement, because painters like Picasso were amongst the only artists to ever sell a painting for $100 million. Twenty years after his death, we still commemorate his artistic talent and great ability to show us something that others would be afraid to express. Two museums are dedicated to Warhol. The Andy Warhol Museum, one of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh. It is the largest American art museum dedicated to a single artist, holding more than 12,000 works by the artist. (Mitchell, 6) Largely, Andy Warhol was an innovator, a liberator, and to most, an absolute genius. It was clear that critics such as Graham-Dixon, were highly mistaken, because Warhol exhibits were on high demand, and now his work is being sold for millions of dollars. Andy Warhol will for ever stay legacy because he opened up many doors for future generations and allowed artists to be who ever they want to be. One phenomenon that is a majorly inspired by Warhol is Lady GaGa, who is very open about her love for Warhol. She’s successful because she does what she wants, and critics will never stop her.

Organizations Management in Cross Cultural Context-Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Organizations and Management in Cross-Cultural Context. Answer: Active Listening in a Cross-Cultural Context According to Aycan, Kanungo Mendonca (2014: 112), active listening helps individuals in acknowledging their feelings, changing their behavior, and attitudes. The authors also note that active listening creates a supportive atmosphere and consequently reduces the need for individuals to defend themselves. In such an atmosphere, the uninhibited and open communication is defined by acceptance, understanding, and empathy. Besides, individuals involved in the communication process consider each other as crucial resources instead of a threat to assistance and information. Active listening in the context of cross-cultural communication entails listening with sensitivity and establishing an environment where acceptance, permissiveness, freedom, and warmth are respected and emphasized (Aycan, Kanungo Mendonca 2014: 113). Through active listening, an environment of trust is created with the primary objective of conveying the intended information and avoiding miscommunication. However, active listening significantly differs across cultures. For instance, depending on an individuals cultural background, active listening entails utilizing facial expressions, nodding ones head, maintaining eye contact, and utilizing open-ended questions (Aycan, Kanungo Mendonca 2014: 113). Unfortunately, these strategies are common in Individualistic cultures including European cultures and the North American continent and not in collectivist cultures such as in China or Japan. For instance, maintaining eye contact is considered aggressive or rude by individuals from Japanese culture. Nodding means that a person is attentive rather than agreeing in Japanese culture. For all these reasons, it is important to learn non-verbal and verbal communication cues used by individuals from distinct cross-cultural backgrounds to avoid miscommunication. Analysis of the Significance of Active Listening For Cross-Cultural Communication Gore (2013: 59) defines cross-cultural communication as an individual ability to effectively improve, foster, and form relationships with people from different cultural backgrounds. Cross-cultural communication is founded on various factors including social structures, manners, perceptions, cultural values, and decision-making practices. Likewise, it takes into consideration comprehending how people from distinct cultural backgrounds communicate in writing, in person, nonverbally, and verbally in both social and business contexts. Additionally, cross-cultural communication analyzes how individuals from distinct cultural backgrounds communicate among themselves and across cultures. Nonetheless, people from different cultures face communication barriers in their attempt to interact with one another. Overview of Barriers to Cross-Cultural Communication Gore (2013: 62) outlines six main obstacles to effective communication including gender barriers, language barriers, and cultural barriers. Other barriers include perceptual barriers, emotional barriers, and physical barriers. Physical Barriers The concept of the global village has brought individuals from different regions of the world together. In fact, the presence of mobiles, telephones, and the internet has enabled individuals from various parts of the globe to connect, share photos, and communicate with one another. However, physical barriers including workplace separation, marked territories, and geographical locations remains a significant barrier towards effective cross-cultural communication (Steers, Nardon Sanchez-Runde, 2013: 268). In some organizations, the departments, sections, and cabins reflect the different status of their employees. However, technology advancements are eliminating these physical barriers. If the technology is not used to convey the message as intended, it might result in miscommunication. Perceptual Barriers Communicating with individuals characterized by different temperament, disposition, mindset, and colors is quite challenging because they hold distinct views regarding the world and people around them. Emotional Barriers According to Gore (2013:64), individuals emotional behaviors and attitudes significantly differ when reacting to similar or different circumstances. Emotional behavior includes doubts, suspicion, fear, and mistrust. The author notes that emotional beliefs and disbeliefs are the main barrier to free and open communication. Individuals and students from different communities, societies, civilizations, cultures, and continents have distinct sets of emotional attachment which acts a barrier to effective cross-cultural communication. Cultural Barriers Failure to understand other peoples culture results in miscommunication, to be precise, the use of verbal and non-verbal communication. In some instances, positive message is taken negatively by a person coming from other civilization or culture (Gore, 2013: 65). For this reason, it is advisable for individuals working in a multi-cultural institution such as the University of Wollongong (UOW) to have a knowledge of their students and co-workers ideologies and cultures to enhance the communication process. Gender Barriers Gender consciousness is a significant barrier to effective communication. For instance, individuals of opposite sex find it difficult to express themselves freely during conversations. However, this problem is prevalent among Arabians and Asians. For instance, when conversing, a man from the Arabian culture does not maintain an eye contact with a woman because they consider it offensive, and it jeopardizes the effectiveness of the communication. Language Barrier Language is crucial in communication because it helps in conveying and describing what people wish to put across. Through language, individuals express their experiences, thoughts, ideas, emotions, and feelings (Thomas Peterson, 2015: 56). However, people make use of colloquial expressions, jargons, and buzz-words that make communication difficult; especially if they are not viewed in the same context as the sender. Equally, if people use unknown gestures, pronunciations, signs, imageries, symbols and words, miscommunication is bound to occur. Also, the use of body language, non-verbal communication, and similes jeopardizes communication effectiveness (Hofstede, Hofstede Minkov, 2010: 29). For all these reasons, active listening plays an essential role in cross-cultural communication. How Active Listening Eliminates Barriers to Effective Cross-Cultural Communication Fall et al. (2013: 413) consider active listening as an effective strategy in boosting cross-cultural communication. As a technique, active listening entails understanding what the other speaker is trying to put across and asking questions to clarify issues. Accordingly, Krizan et al.(2012: 401) argue that managing cross-cultural communications requires individuals to take into consideration non-verbal communication and listening. In various types of literature, employers consider active listening as one of the top skills in management because it boosts the relationship between employees and customers as well as between employees and the management (Hong, 2012: 125). Active listening eliminates barriers to effective cross-cultural communication because it is characterized by five crucial stages of communication including remembering, responding, interpreting, filtering and hearing (Kic-Drgas, 2015: 17). Being aware of these five processes makes the interaction between individual smoo ther because it focuses on the intention of the sent informational and the receivers attention. Four Key Strategies for Staffs to Advance Their Cross-Cultural Active Listening Skills When Dealing With Students from Other Cultures Staffs at the University of Wollongong (UOW) need skills in cross-cultural communication because they do interact with students and co-workers from distinct cultures and countries. Therefore, failure to recognize differences in verbal and non-verbal communication among different cultures might result in embarrassing mistakes. To avoid such errors, the staffs at the University of Wollongong should apply the following four strategies to enhance their cross-cultural active listening skills. Acquiring cultural competence by studying different cultures at the University The primary objective of the above strategy is to enhance communication skills across distinct cultures prevalent at the university. Through this strategy, the staff will shun behaviors that make their co-workers feel unwanted or excluded. Additionally, understanding other cultures is essential in preventing demeaning and stereotyping remarks or jokes (Guirdham, 2011:35). Knowing and having a deeper comprehension of the staffs language of context The above knowledge is crucial in obtaining significant insights regarding communication across cultures. For instance, staffs will understand unacceptable and acceptable verbal and non-verbal communications across cultures (Maude, 2011: 48). The author also notes that in high-context cultures such as Malaysia, Vietnam, Mexico, and China, nonverbal cues are also important in conveying meaning in the communication process. However, in low-context cultures such as the U.S. and Germany, communication is restricted to spoken or written word. Therefore, through this strategy, the staffs will understand which nonverbal cues to use to make the other party in the communication process know that he/she is actively listening to the conversation. Failure to understand these differences results in miscommunication. Taking part in teaching active listening To enhance effective communication across staffs from various cultural backgrounds at the University, it is important that they take part in educating students about active listening skills. In their teaching, they will comprehend the importance of listening not to judge individuals rather understand them. Through this strategy, staff will become sensitive to other peoples culture. For instance, they will channel their focus on understanding what other people from foreign cultures are attempting to say and how they will react to their responses with the aim of reducing misunderstanding (Bholanath, 2010: 11). Appreciating and Being Optimistic to cultural differences The above strategy enhances communication skills because it requires the staffs to talk less and listen more. The strategy also allows staffs to spend time together with the aim of improving their cultural awareness and being sensitive to other peoples perspective (Moran, Harris Moran, 2011: 93). Identifying Four Key Strategies for Students to Advance Their Cross-Cultural Active Listening Skills When Dealing With Students from Other Cultures Effective cross-cultural communication requires students to be sensitive to other peoples culture. Therefore, to enhance their communication with students from other cultures, the following strategies are crucial. Speaking Slowly Non-native students often find it difficult to figure out what native speakers are trying to put across because of the speed with which they communicate. Regardless, the student is an individual who has started learning English language or who comes from countries that speak English as their national language; it is important to moderate the speed which one communicate. However, speaking too slow might be considered insulting by students from foreign cultures. Sticking To Direct and Simple Explanations and Directions According to cross-cultural communication experts, a single conversation between two individuals contains lots of information. For this reason, they recommend the importance of reducing the amount of information that students attempt to pass across at a one time. Improving communication and reducing incidents of misunderstanding requires students to use simple words and avoid multi-part and complex sentences (Lee, Brown Yeung, 2012: 79). Understanding Distinct Cultural Assumptions Students from foreign cultures base their non-verbal and verbal communications on shared attitudes and beliefs. Therefore, students should understand non-verbal cues that students from other cultures consider to be offensive. Additionally, they should avoid using references, slang, or jokes that might be misleading or confusing to non-native students (Kothhoff Spencer-Oatey, 2010: 279). Practicing active listening Through this strategy, it is important to restate other speakers words with the aim of understanding what they intend to put across. It is also important to ask questions to ensure that significant information is captured during cross-cultural communication. Identifying Four Key Strategies That I Need To Personally Adopt To Enhance My Cross-Cultural Active Listening Skill When Dealing With Students and Staff from Other Cultures To enhance my cross-cultural active listening skills, I will adopt a wide range of strategies to avoid miscommunication and misunderstanding. First, I will channel my focus on understanding my fellow students and staff cultures by reading a wide range of literature. According to Velo (2012:13), literature mirrors a society beliefs, values, and views including their cultural, political, and social development. Through reading such literature, I will have an overview of the aspects of the different cultures at the University. The second strategy is maintaining courtesy and respect of individuals who come from distinct cultures. Through this strategy, I will be able to minimize the stress that individuals feel when attempting to comprehend what people from other cultures are attempting to put across. The third strategy is avoiding the use of slangs. The use of slang significantly differs between cultures and their interpretation is not always correct. Therefore, I will avoid using slang words that are unfamiliar to my audience. The last strategy is avoiding the use of humor because what might be funny in one culture might be insulting in another culture. Recommendation For the University to address the issue of cross-cultural communication, it is essential for both staffs and students at the University of Wollongong (UOW) to surf the internet and understand how people from different cultures use verbal and non-verbal cues. Understanding different cultures is crucial in enhancing communication and reducing misunderstandings. Conclusion In conclusion, the world is increasingly becoming a global village in that people from distinct countries and cultures interact on daily basis. For this reason, it is important for individuals to enhance their cross-cultural communication skills as well as active listening skills. For instance, they need to understand the use of verbal and nonverbal cues across cultures to avoid misunderstandings. For instance, maintaining eye contact is considered active listening in individualistic cultures such as Germany and the United States whereas in collectivist cultures such as Japan, it is considered rude. Equally, individuals need to avoid using slang because it might be interpreted wrong resulting in ineffective communication. Therefore, the key to enhancing active-listening in cross-cultural communication is knowledge. Having knowledge of the different cultures, people will find a way to behave appropriately and address issues associated with the cross-cultural communication. List of References Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R.N. Mendonca, M.(2014) Organizations and Management in Cross-Cultural Context, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Bholanath, D. (2010) Communication in cross-cultural context, ICFAI Journal of Soft Skills, vol.2, no.2, pp. 7-12. Fall, L.T, Kelly, S, MacDonald, P, Primm, C. Holmes, W. (2013) 'Intercultural Communication Apprehension and Emotional Intelligence in Higher Education: Preparing Business Students for Career Success', Business Communication Quarterly, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 412-426. Gore, V.(2013) 'The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication', IUP Journal of Soft Skills, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 59-65. Guirdham, M. (2011) Communicating across cultures at work, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J., Minkov, M.(2010) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, New York: McGraw- Hill. Hong, W. (2012) 'New Perspective of Cross-Cultural Communications: Applications in China Marketing', Journal of Marketing Development Competitiveness, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 123-130. Kic-Drgas, J.(2015)'Communication Conflicts in an International Environment', Global Management Journal, vol. 7, no. 1/2, pp. 73-80. Kothhoff, H., Spencer-Oatey, H.(2010) Handbook of Intercultural Communication, Berlin; NewYork: Mouton de Grutyer. Krizan, A.C., Merrier, P., Logan, J.P., Williams, K. S.(2012) Business Communication, Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning. Lee, CK, Brown, EL, Yeung, AS 2012, Communication and Language : Surmounting Barriers to Cross-cultural Understanding, Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, NC. Maude, B.(2011). Managing Cross-Cultural Communication: Principles and Practice, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Moran, R.T., Harris, P.R., Moran, S.V.(2011). Managing Cultural Differences: Global Leadership Strategies for Cross-Cultural Business Success, London: Routledge. Steers, R.M. Nardon, L., Sanchez-Runde, C.(2013). Management Across Cultures: Developing Global Competencies, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Thomas, D. Peterson, M.(2015) Cross-Cultural Management: Essential Concepts, Sage: London Velo, V.(2012). Cross-Cultural Management, New York: Business Press

A Review of Software Tools for Quantitative Data Analysis

A Review of Software Tools for Quantitative Data Analysis If youre a   sociology student or budding social scientist and have started to work with quantitative (statistical) data, analytic software will be very useful to you. These programs force researchers to organize and clean her data and offer pre-programmed commands that allow everything from very basic to quite advanced forms of statistical analysis. They even offer useful visualizations that will be useful as you seek to interpret your data, and that you may wish to use when presenting it to others. There are many programs on the market, but unfortunately, they are quite expensive to purchase. The good news for students and faculty is that most universities have licenses for at least one program which students and professors can use. In addition, most programs offer a free, pared-down version of the full software package which will often suffice. Heres a review of the three main programs that quantitative social scientists use. Statistical Package forSocial Science (SPSS) SPSS is the most popular quantitative analysis software program used by social scientists. Made and sold by IBM, it is comprehensive, flexible, and can be used with almost any type of data file. However, its especially useful for analyzing large-scale survey data. It can be used to generate tabulated reports, charts, and plots of distributions and trends, as well as generate descriptive statistics such as means, medians, modes and frequencies in addition to more complex statistical analyses like regression models. SPSS provides a user interface that makes it easy and intuitive for all levels of users. With menus and dialogue boxes, you can perform analyses without having to write command syntax, like in other programs. It is also simple and easy to enter and edit data directly into the program. There are a few drawbacks, however, which might not make it the best program for some researchers. For example, there is a limit on the number of cases you can analyze. It is also difficult to account for weights, strata and group effects with SPSS. STATA STATA is an interactive data analysis program that runs on a variety of platforms. It can be used for both simple and complex statistical analyses. STATA uses a point-and-click interface as well as command syntax, which makes it easy to use. STATA also make it simple to generate graphs and plots of data and results. Analysis in STATA is centered around four windows: the command window, review window, result window and variable window. Analysis commands are entered into the command window and the review window records those commands. The variables window lists the variables that are available in the current data set along with the variable labels, and the results appear in the results window. SAS SAS, short for Statistical Analysis System, is also used by many businesses; in addition to statistical analysis, it also allows programmers to perform report writing, graphics, business planning, forecasting, quality improvement, project management and more. SAS is a great program for the intermediate and advanced user because it is very powerful; it can be used with extremely large datasets and can perform complex and advanced analyses. SAS is good for analyses that require you to take into account weights, strata or groups. Unlike SPSS and STATA, SAS is run largely by programming syntax rather than point-and-click menus, so some knowledge of the programming language is required.

Westerns and social commentary

Westerns and social commentary Throughout history Americans have had a fascination with unexplored, uncharted, anduntamed territory. Never has this been so pronounced as with the American west.Stories of bravery, new peoples, cultures, and strange new lands have enchantedAmericans for nearly two centuries. This attraction is strikingly prominent in the filmhistory of the west. Yet, despite it's early and lasting popularity, the Western has notuntil recent years attracted the attention of interpretive critics. Many critics viewedWesterns as an escapist, immature medium. "Discussions of Westerns characterized thegenre as endlessly repetitive, utterly simple in form, and naive in its attitudes (Cook 64) ."However, since the late 1960's Westerns have been recognized, "similar to other forms ofpopular culture, as a useful barometer of shifting currents in American society andculture (Etulain 3)." The development of the western film genre in American film culturehas progressed in manner, style, and ideology, and can be tracked in association with thepolitical, societal, and cultural trends of the last 90 years.View of Hollywood and Los Angeles from Griffith Pa...The first westerns were the same as many other first films, merely scientificrecordings of actual events such as wild west shows and rodeos. The first Western withany content was The Great Train Robbery (1903). While still very primitive it gave much ofthe stock form to westerns that exists today."It established the essential formula of crime, pursuit, showdown, and justice,and within its ten minute running span it included, in addition to the trainrobbery itself, elements of fisticuffs, horseback pursuit and gunplay, along withsuggestions of small child appeal, and probably the first introduction of that clichÂÆ'Â ©to be, the saloon bullies forcing a dude into a dance (Everson 15)."As train robberies and similar crimes were not uncommon in the early nineteen hundredsThe Great...

Plz choose a good topic for me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plz choose a good topic for me - Essay Example This is achieved through development of a global safety awareness program that aims to educate employers and employees on the importance of having a safety and healthy environment (Price and Hammer 24). Accidents or Injuries and Illness Prevention Programs are identified by a diversity of teams in the organization, which are tasked to ensure that they lessen the amount and severity of workplace injuries and illnesses. Some states demands voluntary guidelines for work injury and illness deterrence programs in order to curb the increasing injuries and illnesses at workplace. Several employers in the United States have learned how to manage their safety using Injury and Illness Prevention Programs. Hazard identification and prevention, management leadership, worker participation and control, education and training, and program evaluation and improvement are key elements in managing workplace safety and health. These elements are significant in that they offer relevant information concer ning injury and illness in the workplace. Other States have adopted OSHA policies that guide them in managing the issue of workplace safety and health. It is significant to note that in some cases, they have adopted their own standards and enforcement policies in order to ensure workplace safety (Reese 32). Companies such as those in construction industry must meet some highlighted standards, which take into account the general safety, and health provisions of its employees. In addition, the Federal Registers has directions and guidelines that include health and safety management practices and process employed by the employers to ensure that their employees are healthy and safe. There are certain Federal directives, which identify those policies that are unique to the Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs. Therefore, workers are required to register for a voluntary safety program that requires union support. In order to ensure safety and health management at workplace, workers n eed to make a commitment. In this case, the employer should employ as much put as much vigor into their obligation to the health and safety of their employees as much as they place on any other vital part of their business. Employers should include workplace health and safety in the business plan and assimilate it into all faces of the business. The policy written should give emphasis to the vitality of the safety and health at the work place. Resources should be committed to ensure the protection of the workers. It is the duty of the employer to inspire workers’ involvement in safe and healthy environment (Price and Hammer 40-2). The employer should make it known to the employees that they are expected to do secure work if they are still working for that particular firm. It is important that the employer act promptly to all reports of unhealthy and unsafe conditions. This is because such practices in the workplace can lead to injury or even cause illness to employees or work ers on duty. In order to manage the health and safety of their workers, the employer is expected to go beyond the regulations in addressing the hazards whether or not the law addresses them (Reese 38). In a secure and healthy workplace, workers must play a role in the achievement of the program this implies that safety and health is the duty of everyone. Employees should be actively encouraged to get involved if the program is to succeed. They should be held accountable to how they respond and handle

Into Thin Air Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Into Thin Air - Essay Example From this standpoint, Mount Everest as conquered by him belongs to him exclusively, and each step of the conquest is his special property. I give full marks to him for his creditability as a reporter, writer and a journalist. He is all these three molded into one. For producing such a book he has done lots of research, which is the hallmark of a good reporter and journalist, and he writes well and evokes intense curiosity with the reader about his adventurous journey. Those who know about Mount Everest expeditions also know that descent is more difficult than the ascent. On May 10, 1996 Krakauer was on the top of the world having reached the summit at 29,028 ft. He was the conqueror. He could not celebrate his pride and satisfaction for long; he was not at the cricket ground at Lords or in the Disneyland. He was on the edgy summit, where each moment’s delay in the ascent invited perils. The well-studied Krakauer was fully aware of the situation. Reaching the top is a great emo tional experience. For Krakauer, it was the realization of a childhood dream. Each step or each breath at such a height is life or death situation, which has zero tolerance for mistakes. If you are the leader and the decision-making authority of the expedition, you owe responsibility to the lives of the members involved in the adventure, apart from your own precious life. As Krakauer began the descent, a severe storm was forming and he had not slept for the last fifty-two hours. He felt so weak; he rested after each step to recoup the energy. He had missed the turnaround time for the descent, as the ambition to conquer the summit was too strong with him and with other members of the expedition. This is a good adventure book and a true story. The details of the expeditions, the trials and tribulations have been given in detail and are helpful for a research student, as well for an aspiring mountaineer. The detailed background information is immensely useful, as it introduces the char acters of the expedition, like the importance of the experienced guides to the inexperienced but ambitious climbers. Mountaineering expeditions have strange combinations. Certainly Krakauer’s expedition was one of them. Summit of Mount Everest is a terrible attraction. So far so good, if all goes well. But when tragedies strike expeditions and valuable lives are lost, the decision makers are questioned. Serious doubts arise in the minds of the family members why the dying man was not saved. The leader of the team is grilled and asked inconvenient questions. In all fairness, no leader would want any member of his team be buried in the snow. As stated above, when more than one individual write their experiences and books are published, there are bound to be differences of opinions and controversies. Anatoli Boukreev’s version of the expedition, especially relating to saving members of the expedition, varies with that of Krakauer. Krakauaer may be less daring and might no t have exhibited the same courage in taking the risk to save the life of fellow-mountaineers. But no one can pass summary judgment that Krakauer did not live up to the situation. Remember, each step at that perilous weather at such a height, is a step between life and death. He has his own limitations as a mountaineer and has to take into account his own

Assessing Educational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assessing Educational Change - Essay Example Introduction of computers to learning in schools is not a thing that any head of school ought to think twice about. However, it’s crucial that the heads of schools consider with a lot of concerns the way in which the change is introduced to the school. It may look rather cheap to introduce computers into a school, but contrary to that, it is rather a complicated matter since certain instructions need to be followed to ensure its efficiency and effectiveness in its use and impact in the school (Rowley, & Sherman, 2001). According to chapter 8 of the book, there are stages that are to be followed in the introduction of a change into a system. The stages include analysis of a change in all spheres, design of the change, development of the change, implementation and evaluation of the change. All these stages ought to be put into consideration when introducing the change to ensure that the change introduced is not in vain. Analyzing the change is all about covering up the introduct ion process (Green, 2013). I happened to have been among the committee that spear headed the introduction of the computers to some school in my district. Having handled computer studies in college, I was so thrilled when I heard the head of the school talk about introducing computer into the curriculum of the school as a form of change from the previous running of the education in the school. Clever enough, the head was not fast to rush into the purchase of the computers. However, he did ask for a group to be selected to look into the whole process of introducing the change; analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. Analysis of the change Analysis is all about disintegrating a process into fragments so as to look at the whole process... Analysis is all about disintegrating a process into fragments so as to look at the whole process bit by bit in order to have a clear thought about the whole process. In this case, the change of introducing computers into the school was broken into parts, and each part was assigned to a given individual to look into it. The analysis process was majorly carried out to determine whether the computer program was worth introducing into the school. This process is normally the first step when it comes to introduction of change. It is majorly done to determine the viability and feasibility of a change. In analyzing the change, survey was taken in some schools that had already introduced the computers, and also in schools that had not taken a step of introducing the computers into the curriculum. Some students were also taken from the school desiring to take up computer introduction and introduced into the computers. At the end of it all, through the comparison of the two scenarios of a scho ol having access to computers and that of no access to the computer, it was noted that the one with computers was performing well compared to the one without. Students and the teachers were seen to be so advanced in that almost everything, including teaching itself by the teachers was computerized. When given a quiz on the current affairs worldwide, it appeared that the students in the school with computers had knowledge of it and the students on the other end with no computers seemed to be lagging behind with the current affairs.

Prefabricated Components in Warehouse Buildings

Prefabricated Components in Warehouse Buildings The Malaysian construction industry is undergoing changes from an industry which employs conventional method to a mechanized and systematic system which utilizes the latest technologies. Prefabrication technology is a new construction method in the construction industry. This is vital for the future growth of the industry, given the trend towards global competition. Prefabricated systems have been introduced in Malaysia by the application of pre-cast concrete in beam-column elements. Since the demand of building construction has increased widely, it is necessary to improve the construction method, which fasten up the building construction process. Various types of building system are available in Malaysia. In general, IBS is a methodology which drives local construction industry towards the adoption of an integrated and encourages the application in the construction industry to produce and utilize pre-fabricated components of the building at work sites. Efficiency of construction process will be enhance, thus allowing a higher productivity, time, quality and cost efficiency (Abdullah et al, 1998). The advantage of using prefabricated system in industrial building is derived from a piece-by-piece model approach, wherein standardization plays a significant role in achieving economies of scope from the many variations allowed. This is a specific implementation of prefabrication; the distinction being that the structures follow an assembly, disassembly, part replacement, re-assembly sequence as required during their lifecycle (A. Abdallah, 2007). Prefabrication is the assembling components that made in a factory or manufacturing before deliver the components to the construction site. After completed the selected components in factory, the components will transported to the construction site where the structure is located. Prefabrication systems which introduce by Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) were succeeded and applied the prefabricated technology into the construction industry. Prefabrication is define as the structure construct with minimal additional site work which the components are produce in factory, assembled and position to form the structure (CIDB, 2003). 1.3 Aim A study into the usage of prefabricated components in warehouse buildings throughout the past 10 years. 1.4 Research Question Is there an increase of the usage of prefabricated components in the past 10 years? What are the problems facing in prefabricated components for the usage in warehouse buildings? How does the usage of prefabricated components that give benefits to warehouse buildings, does it reduce the construction time and construction cost? 1.5 Objective To evaluate the problem of prefabricated components usage in warehouse buildings. To investigate the aspects of prefabricated components for warehouse buildings. To investigate the level of acceptance in the usage of prefabricated components in warehouse buildings. 1.6 Scope of study This research is basically covers the scope of the usage of prefabricated components in warehouse buildings. The efficiency of prefabricated components is measured by the time and cost efficiency. Furthermore, the usage of prefabrication components will be investigated to study the efficiency. Last but not least, prefabricated components manufacturer will be interview to analyze more detail and accurate data to the efficiency of the usage of prefabrication components. To understand the usage of prefabricated components and the level of application in the construction industry. Research will cover on the efficiency of prefabrication components. Besides that, analyzing the time and cost efficiency of prefabrication components usage in a construction projects. Other than that, this research may take a comparison between prefabricated components system and other types of building construction systems. Data analysis will be carried out for the comparison. 1.7 Problem Statement With the ongoing construction trend in Malaysia, that is still very comfortably using labour intensive and low technology methods of construction such, this has initially lead towards low productivity and inefficiency of work at construction site. The highly dependency on conventional building system and unskilled foreign workers has definitely contributed to low productivity of work, although they may be cheap, but they are not efficient and cause high wastage. The quality of work has also been terribly affected due to unskilled working method that causes delay in construction projects. After completion of works, defects, structural failures and design inadequacies are some of the tell-tale sign of the current construction scenario that will always occur. In the end, these will lead to decreased in quality and waste of time in construction projects. Since the demand of building construction has increased rapidly, it is necessary to innovate the construction method, which speeds up the building construction process. In general, prefabricated system that will reduce in construction time and cost, for instance, time is money. But prefabricated system is not always applied in the construction projects, conventional construction method are still preferable in the construction industry. Without understanding the benefits of prefabricated system, it included different types of components that can be used during a construction projects. Adoption of prefabricated system in construction industry is to produce and utilize pre-fabricated and mass production of the building at their work sites. This will help to enhance the efficiency of construction process, thus allowing a higher productivity, quality, time and cost saving. Although the prefabricated systems has promised to solve and improved the current construction method and scenario in Malaysia, but the this method has been low in gaining popularity, partly due to lack of awareness and coordination among the relevant parties. This will also lead to the low popularity of the usage of prefabrication components. Performance and quality in construction will be improved that the obligation of implementing Industrialized Building System, as well as to minimize dependency on unskilled foreign labours in construction site (Kamar; Adbul Hamid; Ghani and Rahim, 2007). In conclusion, it is hoped that the prefabricated technology can bring out the tremendous potential towards productivity improvement as it encompasses aspects of standardization, highly controlled and quality pre-fabrication components which complements the various programs to increase productivity and quality control through the adoption of prefabricated systems which can lead to the increase productivity of prefabricated components. 1.8 Research Methodology The research methodology included the qualitative and quantitative research. A qualitative research is subjective in nature and it emphasizes meanings, experiences, description and so on. The qualitative research is applying in the survey for which have an attitude scale and measurement. For the quantitative research, it is objective in nature and it defined as an inquiry into a social or human problem which is based on testing a hypothesis or a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analyzed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the hypothesis or the theory hold true. A primary data collected can be variable because it is obtained from different respondents. The case study is used when researcher is required to support the arguments and hypothesis. The results commonly are obtained from an analysis of person, a group of person or a particular project. Those examples of primary data collection such as interview, survey and case study. Secondary data is the data collected using desk study approach that is called secondary data because this data commonly obtained from other sources (Naoum, 1998). This data can be collected from other resources such as institution which the data are not stored in the library. Other examples are such as books, articles and journals which are published online and book store. An interview is a process of face to face discussion among the researcher and the related parties who is able to provide data and information to researcher. Such parties can be the professional person, manufacturer, developer and others. The best way of conducting an interview is able to obtain the data accurately and information which supported strongly that are raised up by the researcher. Whereas, the case study is a process of inspection and investigation that is carried out by the researcher in a place that are able to gain data and information to the researcher. Besides that, a case study that are conducted will be able to obtain the results and information accurately and conduct survey successfully. 2.1 Introduction Since the demand of building construction has increased widely, prefabricated systems have been introduced in the construction industry. The construction method has to be innovated, which will speeds up the building construction process. Prefabrication System which introduced in Industrialized Building System (IBS) that will reduce in construction time and cost, thus the quality of work will be improved by using this system. The advantages of using prefabrication system in industrial building are derived from a piece by piece model approach (A. Abdallah, 2007). The choice of prefabricated components comes from the primary requirement to use automation tools both in the factory and on site. Efficiency of construction process will be enhance, thus allowing a higher productivity, quality, time and cost efficiency. However, the challenges often occur in the efficiency of work, quality of work, are of productivity and the delivery of work. The construction industry is still applying labour intensive and low technology methods for construction which initially lead towards low productivity and inefficiency of work at construction site. The intensive use of foreign unskilled workers and low technology equipment has eventually affected the quality of work which results in defects, structural failures and design inadequacies of the construction projects. As a result, this has lead to unproductive practices and initially contributes to the late delivery of work. Therefore, a new system must be replaced which has better advantages in terms of improving productivity, indoor quality, improvement of work durability and efficiency and overall cost reduction. The Prefabrication System which introduced in IBS with the promise of improving productivity rate and lowering construction costs are able to implement in the construction industry. In other word, the awareness of current trends and latest construction technology and innovation is essential. This is a system  which the building components are prefabricated in factory or at site, with the usage of minimum in-situ construction to assembled and form the structure (Trikha, 1999). In short, Prefabrication System which introduced in IBS is a construction method that offers economization of design, site work and materials, provides shorter construction time, saving in labour, better quality control, immunity to weather changes and the most importantly, the cost factor. It has been proven successful in some countries, namely Singapore, England, and the United States (CIDB, 1998). In Malaysia, the shorter construction time offered by IBS seems to be the panacea for the housing demand in Malaysia. It is hoped that the widespread understanding on the prefabrication system can further help to develop and promote prefabricated system as an innovative construction method in Malaysia. 2.1.1 Definition of Prefabrication System Prefabricated system which introduce in industrialized building system can be defined in which building components are mass produced in factory or at site under minimal wet site activities and strict quality control. With the objective of maximizing production output, minimizing labour resource and improving quality which the process is an investment in facilities, equipment and technology. Building system is also defined as a various interconnected element that assembled together to enable the designated performance of a building (Warswaski, 1999). Prefabrication system that produce building components either in factory or at site with the specification of dimension and standard size which will be transported to the construction site and assemble to form a building (Chung Kadir, 2007). The structure that is construct using a technique in which the components are manufactured in a controlled environment, positioned, transported and assembled with the usage of minimal additional site works (CIDB, 2003). Prefabricating system generally follow an industrial production procedure that takes place in prefabricated plant. Thus high quality of building components can be reliably obtained under a more controlled production environment. Since standard sizes are commonly produced in prefabricating concrete, the repetitive use of formwork permits a speedy production of components at a lower unit cost. These forms and plant finishing procedures provide a better surface quality than it is usually obtained under field conditions. Prefabricated components may be assembled much more faster than conventional cast in-situ components, thereby reducing in construction time. The prefabricating process is also sufficiently adaptable, thus special shapes can be produced economically (Ahmed Abdallah, 2007). Prefabrication can be defined as a manufacturing process, generally taking place at a specialized facility, in which various materials are joined to form a component part of a final installation (Tatum, 1987). These prefabricated components often only involve the work of a single craft. Any component that is manufactured offsite and is not a complete system can be considered to be prefabricated. Quality control and minimal on site activities can be achieved which the building components are produced either in factory or at site (Trikha, 1999). The prefabricated system includes the industrialized process by which building components are fabricated, planned, transported and assembled on site (Junid, 1986). According to CIDB (2009), building system in which structural components are manufacture in factory, on site or off site, assembled and transported with minimal additional site works to form a structure. Prefabricated system also defined as construction system which built using prefabricated components by mechanical equipment, formwork and etc that delivered to construction site for erection and assembly after it is complete manufacture in factory (Abdul Rahman and Omar, 2006). Parid Wardi (1997) asserted prefabricated system which uses industrialized production techniques either in the components that is produced or assembly of building. The definition of prefabrication system is varies depending on IBS. Several authors may define the system as process or as techniques. The following table below (refer to Figure 1) is highlights the categories of definition. Besides, there are ontology position either can be terms as a approaches, products, innovation, improvements, modernization and new technology. The issue has been discussed in construction industry since the industrial revolution change the ways of human living and economic activities. Since the concept of improvement and quality take place in industry, the invention and innovation become significant to industry. 2.2 Aspects of Prefabricated Components The CIDB has put more efforts to encourage all of the construction company to utilize the prefabricated systems as new development method in order to improve buildings quality and enhance labours performance. Since the utilization of prefabricated systems is low in construction industry, advance research and improvement should be carry out to enhance and promote a valuable aspects of prefabricated systems (CIDB, 2003; CIDB, 2007). It is encourage using prefabricated systems as a construction method in the construction industry. Since prefabricated systems provide numerous aspects such as reduction of unskilled labours, less wastage, less volume of site materials, increased environmental and construction site cleanliness and better quality control (IBS Digest, 2009). Besides, the aspects of prefabricated systems can be discussed in term of time, cost and quality in construction industry. Faster completion of construction project can be achieved due to the usage of standardized prefabricated components and simplified installation process (IBS Roadmap, 2003-2010). Therefore, duration of construction period is able to reduced and saved due to speedy construction and installation. Usage of prefabricated systems is able to achieve a lower construction costs due to the reduction of construction waste and prefabricated building components from manufacturers. It is able to reduce construction waste as the building components are fabricated off-site and assembled on-site with minimum labour usage. Concurrently activities are obtained when the prefabricated components are manufacture off-site while other construction work can be conduct in construction site. Hence, the usage of prefabricated systems is able to speed up the construction work in the term of time. With the utilization of prefabricated systems, a better quality control can be achieved and produce a higher quality of construction. The dependency on foreign labours will be diminishing due to the requirement of specialist skilled labours during installation of prefabricated components (IBS Roadmap, 2003-2010). In the prefabricated systems application, the construction time and cost can be reduced by the usage of prefabricated components as the components are manufactured off-site and be delivered to construction site for assembling. Reduce on the usage of foreign labour can be achieve due to the requirement of specialist skilled labour for the installation. Hence, a higher quality and improvement in performance of construction can be achieved. 2.2.1 Characteristic of Prefabricated Components The overall cost for a construction project that uses offsite work can be less than a traditionally stick-built undertaking in current construction industry. This can be caused by a variety of factors in the usage of prefabricated components. The labour for onsite work may be reduced due to the requirement of specialist skilled labours during the installation of the building components (Carl et al, 2000). Severe onsite conditions and weather problems can lead to construction delays, onsite interference and worker congestion can be avoided, increasing productivity and lowering costs of construction project. The onsite construction duration can be substantially shortened through the usage of prefabricated components. Other project works can be completed before going to the site and this will lead to construction schedule decreased. Overall project safety can be improved through the usage of prefabricated components in the construction project. Prefabricated components were installed piece by piece with minimum used of labours, while conventional method needs more labours in order to complete the construction cycle for example, formwork fabrication and formwork installation, reinforcement bar fabrication and reinforcement bar installation and etc (Indra Gunawan, 2005). Prefabricated components that manufacture offsite will improve in quality. Controlled factory and production conditions and repetitive and activities, along with automated machinery can lead to a higher level of quality that can be achieved onsite. Usage of prefabricated components can potentially decrease environmental impact of the project that is partly due to reduced onsite construction duration and a decrease in the usage of labour requirements. The common characteristics of prefabricated components are: Cost efficiency Time saving Higher Productivity Reduce remittance by foreign worker Quality control Reduce waste of construction material 2.2.1.1 Cost Efficiency Usage of prefabricated components will result in cost savings due to a greater productivity and less wastage of materials during the production of the building components which manufacture offsite and deliver to site for assembling. Besides, prefabrication components also can reduce construction cost in site supervision which most of the output are similar, skilled labour required on-site for installation, wastage of materials, formworks, scaffolding, and etc. The usage of system formwork made up of aluminum, steel, scaffolding and etc will provides a considerable cost savings (Bing et al, 2001). 2.2.1.2 Time Saving Usage of prefabricated components reduced the construction duration in which most of the products and components are completed offsite in factory before deliver to site. Besides, it can reduce the duration of construction work onsite that conduct by labours. Prefabricated components for on-site construction and off-site assembly can perform as parallel activities, which the operations are not affected by the weather condition. Prefabricated components are standardized and the installation procedures are simplified. Therefore, the usage of prefabricated components will result in reduce of construction time. Prefabricated system which give faster construction time because of the construction element that manufactured in factory and foundation work can occur at site in the same time. This provides earlier occupation of the building, thus reducing interest payment or capital outlays (Peng, 1986). 2.2.1.3 Higher Productivity Prefabricated components that produce in factory or manufacture offsite are more productivity compare with the conventional construction method. The components are assembly on-site which result in better productivity. In addition, it is also convenience for site management and site inspection for the prefabricated method which the components are installed on the construction site. Hence, it will reduce in construction time as well as reduced the wastage of materials. Local construction industry is driven towards the adoption of an integrated in the construction industry to produce and utilize prefabricated components of the building at the work sites. This will help to enhance the efficiency of construction process, allowing a higher productivity, time, quality and cost efficiency (CIDB, 2004). 2.2.1.4 Reduce Remittance by foreign worker In Malaysia, the conventional construction method is highly dependency on the unskilled foreign labours that are easily to employ from the neighbor countries such as Indonesia, Philippine, Vietnam and Myanmar. The utilization of prefabricated systems can reduce the dependency on foreign labours especially the semi skilled and the unskilled labours due to simplified construction method at the construction site. The lesser labours involved in the construction will result in shorter duration of construction time. The prefabricated components are usually standardize prefabricated in factory or off-site and delivered to the construction site for assembly, construction time will be reduce by using this method compare with the conventional cast in-situ method. The Government aimed to achieve 100 percent usage of IBS and to reduce to 15 percent or approximately 50,000 of foreign workers in the construction industry by 2010. With the current foreign workers totaling 227,000, the remittances of foreign workers amounted to about 7.5 billion. It is expected that the Government would be able to reduce the remittances with the full implementation of IBS (Bernama.com, 2006). According to the IBS Digest (April June, 2005), a comparative productivity study has been conduct between projects that built using precast technology and conventional method. Three project sites are studied which two using precast technology and one using conventional construction method. Prefabricated or precast structural components were installed piece by piece with minimum used of labours, while using conventional method required more labours in order to complete the construction cycle, for example formwork prefabrication and formwork installation, reinforcement bar fabrication and reinforcement bar installation, concrete placement and formwork dismantle (Indra Gunawan, 2005). 2.2.1.5 Quality Control Better performance and component fit between parts for prefabricated system, which the components required more accurate profile and dimension of components that manufacture in factory. Prefabricated components that manufactured in factory can easily be control and monitor in factory for critical factors such as temperature, stripping time, and etc. Quality is the main factors in prefabricated system, the components that are manufacture off-site are better in quality control. A Quality Assurance Department is to ensure that there is a complete quality procedure and maintained regularly will be well set-up by manufacturer to ensure strict compliance throughout the manufacturing processes (NSL Eastern Pretech, 2005). It is much easier to control the quality in the prefabrication factory compare with casting at site. Prefabricated components which produced higher quality of components attainable through specific selection and the use of advance technology with strict quality assurance control (Din, 1984). 2.2.1.6 Reduce Wastage of Construction Material Prefabricated components that are prefabricated in factory or off-site will reduce the wastage of construction material and this will provide a safety working platform for the workers in construction site due to the reduction of construction debris, site worker and materials. Fewer mistakes, misalignments and deviations will be made by applying prefabricated system in construction industry, this will result in less waste reduces costs spend on materials, handling, dumpster and etc. With the reduction of construction material wastage, this will lead to the decrease in overall construction cost. IBS components offer minimal wastage, because the components such as precast columns were being prefabricated off-site. The entire component has been manufactured on the required sizes. Besides, the repetitive use of the construction material, for example, steel system formwork provides considerable are cost savings (Bing et al, 2001; Thanoon et al, 2003). Higher degree of precision and accuracy in the production of prefabricated components with the utilization of machine will lead to reduction of material wastage (CIDB, 2003). 2.3 Types of Prefabricated Components usage in Warehouse Buildings The composite construction method and fully prefabricated construction method was adopting into current IBS construction projects. The concept of partial industrialized system is derived from the composite nature of full industrialization, and is used to describe a manufacturing strategy that selectively uses some industrializing aspects (Nurul A.H. et al, 2005). Nurul A.H. et al (2005) also stated that, the fully prefabricated construction method will involve on the manufacture, assembly and connect concept. All of the designed fabrication components of the building will be manufacture off-site, assembly off-site and be delivered to the stated site on planned period. Both of the type of construction method is specifically aimed to increase productivity and quality of work. There are various types of prefabricated components that has been designed and manufacturer for construction project. There are factors that need to be considering on the adoption of the prefabricated components in the usage of warehouse buildings. The components which are commonly used in local warehouse buildings construction are: Steel framing systems Panel system 2.3.1 Steel Framing Systems Frame system may be defined as the structures that carry the loads through their beams and girders to column and finally to footing or pilecap. In such system, the skeletal structures will help to reduce the number and sizes of load carrying members. The important feature is the capacity to transfer heavy loads over large spans. Therefore, it is used in the construction of bridges, parking lots, warehouses, industrial buildings and etc (Junid, 1986). Frame system is a system that use beam and column as the main structure member due to the function that support all of the building weight. The walls have to be light for easy installation to support the building (Badir et al, 1998). In the development of construction industry, the usage of light steel trusses increased due to cost effective which profiled steel portal frame and cold-formed channels system as alternative choice for traditional hot-rolled sections. It is commonly used with precast concrete slab, steels columns and beams. Steel framing systems have always been the popular choice that used widely in the construction of skyscrapers (CIDB, 2003). The framing system is prefabricated in factory and delivery to the site with stated schedule. It is erected to the final location by using machinery, such as mobile crane and be join by special bolts, plates and welded with the structure. The products of steel framing systems (refer to Figure 2) are included steel beams and columns, portal frame, roof trusses and etc (IBS Survey, 2003). These systems especially steel beams and columns are commonly used in construction industry in order to speed up the construction works. 2.3.2 Panels system Panel system may be defined as the structures that carry load through large floor and wall panels (Junid, 1986). This system probabaly would be the most widely used prefabricated system which employed planar or panel-shaped elements for floor slabs, vertical supports, partitions and exterior wall. Depending on the scale of projects, some panels may be fabricated at site for easy transportation. Other panel systems available are such as wood, plastic, light weight metal and ferrocement materials. In panel system, loads are distributed through large floor and wall panels where walls support the building weight. This system is applicable to building which functionally require a large number of walls such as apartment house, hotel and hospital. This system is not applicable to buildings with large spans or many stories (Badir et al, 1998). According to Junid (1986), panel system may be defined as those structures that carry the load through large floor and wall panels. The panels can be made in various forms and materials and are normally prefabricated at factory. Concrete panel systems are extensively used in Europe for high rise building for ease of construction purpose. In Malaysia, this system is slowly gaining popularity in terms of low rise buildings. The products of steel wall panels (refer to Figure 3) are included lightweight steel wall panel, metal wall panel and etc. There are another different concept in classifying the building (refer to Figure 4) that the components shold be used as a basis for building classification hot-rolled steel sections which consists of frame system, panel system and box system (Majzub, 1977). 2.4 Issues of Prefabricated Components usage in warehouse buildings The adoption of prefabricated system which introduced in industrialized building system is still very low in construction industry. Particularly, there are issues regarding to the usage of prefabricated components in warehouse buildings. The implementation of prefabrication system in loca

The Satire of Gullivers Travels Essay -- Gullivers Travels Swift Es

The Satire of Gulliver's Travels      Ã‚  Ã‚   During the eighteenth century there was an incredible upheaval of commercialization in London, England.   As a result, English society underwent significant, "changes in attitude and thought", in an attempt to obtain the dignity and splendor of royalty and the upper class (McKendrick,2).   As a result, English society held themselves in very high regards, feeling that they were the elite society of mankind.   In his novel, Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan Swift satirizes this English society in many ways.   In the novel, Swift uses metaphors to reveal his disapproval of English society.   Through graphic representations of the body and it's functions, Swift reveals to the reader that grandeur is merely an illusion, a facade behind which English society of his time attempted to hide from reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On his first voyage, Swift places Gulliver in a land of miniature people where his giant size is meant as a metaphor for his superiority over the Lilliputians, thus representing English society's belief in superiority over all other cultures.   Yet, despite his belief in superiority, Swift shows that Gulliver is not as great as he imagines when the forces of nature call upon him to relieve himself.   Gulliver comments to the reader that before hand he, "was under great difficulties between urgency and shame", and after the deed says that he felt, "guilty of so uncleanly an action" (Norton,2051).   By revealing to the reader Gulliver's shame in carrying out a basic function of life, Swift comments on the self imposed supremacy of English society.   By humbling their representative, the author implies that despite the belief of the English to be the most civilized and refined soc... ...and nobility.   Through clever representations, Jonathan Swift successfully humbles this society's pride and human vanity.   He reveals the flaws it their thinking by reducing them to what they are, human beings, which, like any other group of human beings is able to do, have merely adopted a superficial self righteous attitude. In doing so, Swift makes a broader statement about mankind today.   Despite all the self acclaimed advances in civilization and technology, we are still merely human; suffering from the same forces and flaws, impulses and imperfections as everyone else.    Works Cited McKendrick, Neil. Brewer, John. Plumb, J.H. The Birth of a Consumer Society, Indiana Universtiy Press, Great Britan, 1982. Swift, Jonathan. "Gulliver's Travels".   Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th Ed. M.H. Abrams, vol.1, New York: Norton, 1986.

Hello My fellow classmates Essay

1.You have a friend who is of Jewish heritage; however, she has no religious belief. She asks you why, if God is good, He permitted the Holocaust to happen. What would you tell her? 2.You want to convince your professor that the reading load he has assigned is too heavy, given that you also have to write a research paper. You are asking him to eliminate one book from the class assignments so that you can concentrate on your own research. 3.You are writing an article for a theological journal arguing that heaven and hell must be understood as literal, physical places (as opposed to metaphorical or symbolic states of mind). 4.You want to start exercising for 30 minutes per day, but your spouse doesn’t want to. How would you kindly convince your spouse to join you? 5.You are reviewing a book manuscript for a university press. Although the book is skillfully and stylishly written, you think it may obscure or leave out some important facts that need to be pointed out. How would you point this out (without suggesting the book is bad and shouldn’t be accepted)?

Scoring and Percentiles - PrepScholar 2016 Students Encyclopedia

Scoring and Percentiles - PrepScholar 2016 Students' Encyclopedia SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT measures reasoning skills and college readiness on a 2400 point scale, with a maximum score of 800 for each of its three sections, Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing. The SAT has used this scale since 2005, following its addition of the Writing section and essay. Before that, it was scored out of 1600, a scalethat will returnwiththe redesigned SAT in March of 2016. Note: this article is a series in the PrepScholar2016 Students' Encyclopedia, a free students' and parents' SAT / ACT guide that provides encyclopedic knowledge. Read all the articles here! Forstudents in the class of 2014 who took the SAT, the average Critical Reading score was 497, average Math score was 513, and average Writing score was 487.Since colleges use the SAT as an admissions test, they typically share data on the average scores of their accepted students. High school students may use this data to define their target SAT scores and compare their results with those of other applicants to the same or similarly ranked schools. While most colleges do not advertise an SAT score requirement, some admissions officers have suggested that they do not look at an application unless it contains a certain minimum score. Students receive their scores about three weeks after taking the test, as do any colleges they listed as score recipients at the time of registration. Students can indicate additional score recipients for $11.25 each. Basic score reports tell students their scaled scores and raw scores broken down by question type. Students can also order the Question and Answer service ($18) for a detailed report of their performance by each question, along with online answer explanations. Students receive one point for every correct answer, zero points for skipped answers, and a deduction of 0.25 points for wrong answers on multiple choice questions. The ten grid-in math questions have no point deductions for wrong answers, and the essay is graded on a scale between 2 and 12. Students receive essay and multiple choice subscores for the SAT Writing section (the multiple choice questions are scored between 20 and 80). Their composite Writing score is based approximately 30% on the essay and 70% on the multiple choice. A score of 0 on the essay is possible if the section is left blank or is illegible, completely off-topic, or written witha prohibited instrument. Raw scores are converted to scaled scores between 200 and 800 through a process called equating, which takes into account the scores of all students who took the SAT on a given administration. Students also receive a percentile that compares their score to that of other test-takers. The following chart shows the most recent conversion of raw scores to scaled scores. While these figures may have some variation from year to year, they remain more or less the same over time. Raw Scores to Scaled Scores for the Class of 2014 Raw Score Critical Reading Scaled Score Math Scaled Score Writing Multiple Choice Scaled Score Raw Score Critical Reading Scaled Score Math Scaled Score Writing Multiple Choice Scaled Score 67 800 31 500 550 55 66 800 30 500 540 54 65 800 29 490 540 53 64 790 28 480 540 52 63 770 27 480 530 51 62 760 26 470 420 50 61 740 25 460 510 49 60 730 24 460 500 48 59 720 23 450 490 47 58 700 22 440 480 46 57 690 21 440 480 45 56 680 20 430 470 44 55 670 19 420 460 43 54 670 800 18 410 450 42 53 660 790 17 410 440 41 52 650 760 16 400 530 40 51 640 740 15 390 420 39 50 630 720 14 380 410 38 49 620 710 80 13 380 400 38 48 620 700 78 12 370 390 37 47 610 690 75 11 360 380 36 46 600 680 73 10 350 370 35 45 600 670 71 9 340 360 34 44 590 660 70 8 330 350 33 43 580 650 68 7 320 330 32 42 570 640 67 6 310 320 31 41 570 640 66 5 300 310 30 40 560 630 64 4 290 290 29 39 550 620 63 3 270 280 27 38 550 610 62 2 260 260 26 37 540 600 61 1 240 240 24 36 530 590 60 0 220 220 22 35 530 590 59 -1 210 200 20 34 520 58- 58 -2 and below 200 200 20 33 520 570 57 32 510 560 56 Writing on 20-80 scale and combined with essay score. Score percentiles compare test-takers to one another on a given SAT administration. The following chart shows the percentiles for various ranges of composite scores for the class of 2014. Composite Score Ranges and Percentiles for the Class of 2014 SAT Composite Score Range Percentile Range 2350-2400 99+ to 99+ 2300-2350 99 to 99+ 2250-2300 99 to 99 2200-2250 98 to 99 2150-2200 97 to 98 2100-2150 96 to 97 2050-2100 95 to 96 2000-2050 93 to 95 1950-2000 91 to 93 1900-1950 88 to 91 1850-1900 85 to 88 1800-1850 81 to 85 1750-1800 77 to 81 1700-1750 73 to 77 1650-1700 68 to 73 1600-1650 63 to 68 1550-1600 57 to 63 1500-1550 52 to 57 1450-1500 46 to 52 1400-1450 40 to 46 1350-1400 34 to 40 1300-1350 28 to 34 1250-1300 23 to 28 1200-1250 18 to 23 1150-1200 14 to 18 1100-1150 10 to 14 1050-1100 7 to 10 1000-1050 5 to 7 950-1000 4 to 5 900-950 2 to 4 850-900 2 to 2 800-850 1 to 2 750-800 1 to 1 700-750 1Â ­ to 1 650-700 1Â ­ to 1Â ­ 600-650 - to 1Â ­ While the chart above displays data on composite score ranges, the next chart shows percentiles by section score ranges for the class of 2014. The Math section is slightly more competitive than the other sections, meaning that a student would have to achieve a higher score in Math to be in a top percentile. For example, a score of 750 translates to 97th percentile in Math, but 98th percentile in Critical Reading. A score of 700 is 93rd percentile on Math versus 95th on Reading, and a 600 is 75th on Math versus 80th on Reading. SectionScore Ranges and Percentiles for the Class of 2014 Section Score Range SAT Reading Percentiles SAT Math Percentiles SAT Writing Percentiles 780-800 99 to 99 99 to 99 99 to 99+ 760-780 99 to 99 97 to 99 99 to 99 740-760 98 to 99 96 to 97 98 to 99 720-740 97 to 98 95 to 96 97 to 98 700-720 95 to 97 93 to 95 96 to 97 680-700 93 to 95 90 to 93 94 to 96 660-680 91 to 93 87 to 90 92 to 94 640-660 88 to 91 83 to 87 89 to 92 620-640 84 to 88 79 to 83 86 to 89 600-620 80 to 84 75 to 79 82 to 86 580-600 75 to 80 70 to 75 78 to 82 560-580 70 to 75 64 to 70 73 to 78 540-560 64 to 70 59 to 64 68 to 73 520-540 57 to 64 52 to 59 62 to 68 500-520 50 to 57 45 to 52 55 to 62 480-500 44 to 50 40 to 45 48 to 55 460-480 37 to 44 33 to 40 41 to 48 440-460 31 to 37 27 to 33 34 to 41 420-440 25 to 31 21 to 27 28 to 34 400-420 19 to 25 16 to 21 21 to 28 380-400 14 to 19 12 to 16 16 to 21 360-380 10 to 14 9 to 12 12 to 16 340-360 7 to 10 6 to 9 8 to 12 320-340 5 to 7 4 to 6 5 to 8 300-320 4 to 5 3 to 4 4 to 5 280-300 3 to 4 2 to 3 2 to 4 260-280 2 to 3 1 to 2 2 to 2 240-260 1 to 2 1 to 1 1 to 2 220-240 1 to 1 1Â ­ to 1 1 to 1 200-220 - to 1 - to 1Â ­ - to 1 Most admissions officers consider SAT scores within a certain range to be more or less equal, rather than giving a significant advantage to a score that is higher than another by 20 or 30 points. Therefore score ranges and percentiles are particularly important pieces of data for students to consider when determining whether their SAT scores make them competitive candidates to their college(s) of choice. Redesign Alert The new SAT will be scored on a scale from 400 to 1600, with a maximum score of 800 for the Math section and 800 for Reading and Writing together. There will be no more point deductions for wrong answers. Read more from theSAT Encyclopedia! Further Reading What Is a Good SAT Score? A Bad SAT Score? An Excellent SAT Score? How Is the SAT Scored? Scoring Charts Calculate Your SAT Target Score

Capital Budgeting essayEssay Writing Service

Capital Budgeting essayEssay Writing Service Capital Budgeting essay Capital Budgeting essayCapital budgeting comprises an integral part of the effective business development because companies have to focus on the most prospective and profitable projects with the balanced risk-returns ratio. Capital budgeting is the process, which determines whether the particular project is worth pursuing. Investing too much into capital budgeting leads to the narrow development of the company with the focus on a few secure and profitable projects, while others projects may remain under-estimated and the company can fail to invest into a risky but potentially successful project. Investing too little into capital budgeting can raise the problem of the low effectiveness of company’s investments, if the company fail to determine priority projects which are the most prospective and beneficial for its further business development.Sunk costs are costs that cannot be changed and are irrelevant to the decision making process because they are the past costs that have b een already spent but currently the equipment, machinery or other items purchased are virtually useless. Opportunity costs are costs involving the alternative chosen that has brought profits to the company. In contrast to sunk costs, which brought financial losses to the company, opportunity costs bring profits. However, both opportunity and sunk costs have ceased their impact and cannot be used anymore.Capital budgeting is associated with three types of risks, including stand-alone risk, corporate risk, and market risk. Stand-alone risk is the risk associated with a particular project and means that the company faces a high risk of the failure of completing the particular project successfully. The corporate risk implies that the entire company is at risk and its business operations are under a threat. Therefore, the company may face a risk of losing its marketing position or even run bankrupt. As for the market risk, this is the risk associated with the possible downturn or crisis within the market, as was the case of the housing market in the US in 2007-2008. Each type of risk is necessary to assess and control because the failure to identify either risk may lead to the failure of the project.The qualitative risk focuses on the assessment of actual risks associated with a particular project or company. However, the qualitative risk is subjective because it relies on the assessment of qualitative attributes and does not involve quantitative ones. Nevertheless, this risk is essential to assess to understand prospects and risks associated with a particular project to the full extent. The qualitative risk focuses on the assessment of the particular project and related risks from the qualitative standpoint that means that the assessment involves the analysis of the qualitative information related to the project and associated risks. As a result, the company conducting the assessment of the qualitative risk can determine whether the project is worth implementing o r not. For example, the introduction of a new product is accompanied by the qualitative risk assessment. The company monitors the customer behavior and conducts interviews of a group of customers to assess the qualitative risk. On the ground of their responses, the company makes conclusion concerning the risk. Obviously, such risk assessment is subjective because it is grounded on subjective responses of customers. Nevertheless, such risk assessment helps to understand better real world prospects of a particular project.